Estudio Transversal Hispano-Ecuatoriano: Discapacidades derivadas de Ictus cerebral / Hispano- Ecuadorian Cross-Sectional Study: Disabilities derived from cerebral stroke

INTRODUCCIÓN: En la actualidad el ictus es considerado una de las principales causas de discapacidad en el mundo. Globalmente 5 millones de personas adquieren discapacidad permanente cada año por esta causa; hasta el 30% de los pacientes afectados padecen algún tipo de discapacidad. El manejo temprano del paciente puede disminuir las secuelas derivadas de las lesiones. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer si existen diferencias en las discapacidades derivadas de ictus entre las ciudades de Madrid (España) y Cuenca (Ecuador), en relación a una atención temprana programada. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: El presente, es un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, multicéntrico. La muestra estuvo conformada por 40 pacientes diagnosticados de ACV, 20 pertenecientes al Grupo Cuencano, de Ecuador (GC) y 20 al Grupo Matritense, de España (GM). Los datos fueron obtenidos de las historias clínicas. Se compararon ambos grupos mediante la prueba Chi-cuadrado (X2) de Pearson para cada variable estudiada. RESULTADOS: En el GM el 80% de los ACV fueron de origen isquémico, en el GC fueron el 90%, sin asociación significativa. En los dos grupos el mayor porcentaje de secuelas se dieron por afectación del territorio de la arteria cerebral media (ACM). No se evidenció diferencia significativa en el porcentaje de discapacidades derivadas de ictus entre los grupos, el grupo matritense de España presentó una menor tasa de discapacidades derivadas que fue del 45%, frente al grupo cuencano de Ecuador que tuvo un 76% de capacidades derivadas, pero la diferencia no fue significativa (p=0.069); sin embargo la asociación entre el porcentaje de exitus entre los grupos si tuvo asociación estadísticamente significativa (p=0.003). CONCLUSIÓN: No se encontró asociación significativa en cuanto a etiología, factores de riesgos y características clínicas del Ictus entre los grupos. No hay diferencias significativas en las secuelas derivadas de ictus entre los grupos, pero si hay diferencias significativas en relación al porcentaje de exitus con la aplicación de un programa tipo "Código Ictus".

BACKGROUND: Currently, stroke is one of the main causes of disability in the world. Globally 5 million people acquire permanent disability each year for this cause; up to 30% of affected patients suffer from some type of disability. Early management of the patient can reduce the sequelae derived from the injury. The aim of this study is to find out if there are differences in disabilities derived from strokes, between the cities of Madrid (Spain) and Cuenca (Ecuador), in association with programmed early patient care. METHODS: This is an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study. The sample consisted of 40 patients diagnosed with stroke, 20 from Cuenca, Ecuador, and 20 from Madrid, Spain. Data was obtained from the patient's medical records. Both groups were compared using Pearson's Chi-square test (Χ2) for each studied variable. RESULTS: in the Madrid Group 80% of the strokes were ischemic, in the Cuenca Group 90% of the strokes were ischemic, there is not significant association. In both groups the highest percentage of sequelae occurred due to injury of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). There was no significant difference in the percentage of disabilities derived from stroke between the groups, the Madrid Group had a lower rate of derived disabilities (45%), compared to Cuenca Group (76%), but the differences was not significant (p=0.069); however, the association between the death percentage among the groups was statistically significant (p=0.003). CONCLUSION: No significant association was found in terms of etiology, risk factors and clinical characteristics of stroke between the groups. There are no significant differences in the sequelae derived from stroke between the groups, but there is significant difference in terms of death percentage between the groups, with the application of "Código Ictus" type of program.

The situation of infection in the elderly in Spain: a multidisciplinary opinion document / Situación de la infección en el anciano: un documento multidisciplinar de opinión

Infection in the elderly is a huge issue whose treatment usually has partial and specific approaches. It is, moreover, one of the areas where intervention can have the most success in improving the quality of life of older patients. In an attempt to give the widest possible focus to this issue, the Health Sciences Foundation has convened experts from different areas to produce this position paper on Infection in the Elderly, so as to compare the opinions of expert doctors and nurses, pharmacists, journalists, representatives of elderly associations and concluding with the ethical aspects raised by the issue. The format is that of discussion of a series of pre-formulated questions that were discussed by all those present. We begin by discussing the concept of the elderly, the reasons for their predisposition to infection, the most frequent infections and their causes, and the workload and economic burden they place on society. We also considered whether we had the data to estimate the proportion of these infections that could be reduced by specific programmes, including vaccination programmes. In this context, the limited presence of this issue in the media, the position of scientific societies and patient associations on the issue and the ethical aspects raised by all this were discussed

La infección en los ancianos es un tema enorme que suele recibir enfoques muy específicos pero parciales. Además, es una de las áreas en las que la intervención podría tener más éxito para mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes mayores. En un intento de dar el mayor enfoque posible a este tema, la Fundación de Ciencias de la Salud ha convocado a expertos de diferentes áreas para elaborar este documento de opinión sobre la situación de la infección en los ancianos, tratando de comparar las opiniones de médicos expertos, enfermeras, farmacéuticos, periodistas, representantes de asociaciones de ancianos y terminando con los aspectos éticos que plantea el problema. El formato es el de la discusión de una serie de preguntas preformuladas que fueron discutidas entre todos los presentes. Empezamos discutiendo el concepto de "anciano", las razones de la predisposición a la infección, las infecciones más frecuentes y sus causas, y la carga laboral y económica que suponen para la sociedad. También preguntamos si teníamos datos para estimar la proporción de estas infecciones que podrían ser reducidas por programas específicos, incluyendo programas de vacunación. En este contexto, se discutió la baja presencia de este problema en los medios de comunicación, la posición de las asociaciones científicas y de pacientes sobre el problema y los aspectos éticos que todo esto plantea

Effect of Milk and Other Dairy Products on the Risk of Frailty, Sarcopenia, and Cognitive Performance Decline in the Elderly: A Systematic Review.

Nutrition is a modifiable factor potentially related to aging. Milk and other dairy products may contribute to the prevention of physical and cognitive impairment. We conducted a systematic review to investigate the effectiveness of dairy product intake for preventing cognitive decline, sarcopenia, and frailty in the elderly population. A systematic search for publications in electronic databases [MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase, Scopus, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews] from 2009 to 2018 identified observational and interventional studies in English and Spanish that tested the relation between dairy product consumption and cognitive decline, sarcopenia, and frailty in community-dwelling older people. We assessed the participants, the type of exposure or intervention, the outcomes, and the quality of evidence. We screened a total of 661 records and included 6 studies (5 observational prospective cohort studies and 1 randomized controlled trial). Regarding cognitive impairment, the relation cannot be firmly established. Consumption of milk at midlife may be negatively associated with verbal memory performance. In older women, high intakes of dairy desserts and ice cream were associated with cognitive decline. On the other hand, 1 study demonstrated a significant inverse relation between dairy intake and development of Alzheimer disease among older Japanese subjects. The consumption of dairy products by older people may reduce the risk of frailty, especially with high consumption of low-fat milk and yogurt, and may also reduce the risk of sarcopenia by improving skeletal muscle mass through the addition of nutrient-rich dairy proteins (ricotta cheese) to the habitual diet. Despite the scarcity of evidence on the topic, our systematic review shows that there are some positive effects of dairy products on frailty and sarcopenia, whereas studies concerning cognitive decline have contradictory findings.

Association between urinary incontinence and frailty: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Urinary incontinence (UI) and frailty are common geriatric syndromes. Although literature increasingly supports a relationship between these two conditions, no systematic review and meta-analysis has been performed on this topic. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the potential association between UI and frailty, through a meta-analytic approach. METHODS: A systematic search in major databases was undertaken until 15th March 2018 for studies reporting the association between UI and frailty. The prevalence of UI in people with frailty (vs. those without) was pooled through an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), with a random-effects model. The other outcomes were summarized descriptively. RESULTS: Among 828 papers, 11 articles were eligible, including 3784 participants (mean age 78.2 years; 55.1% women). The prevalence of UI was 39.1% in people with frailty and 19.4% in those without. A meta-analysis with five studies (1540 participants) demonstrated that UI was over twice as likely in frail people versus those without (OR 2.28; 95% CI 1.35-3.86; I2 = 61%). One cross-sectional study, adjusting for potential confounders and one longitudinal study confirmed that UI is significantly associated with frailty. In two cross-sectional studies, using adjusted analyses, frailty was more common in people with UI. CONCLUSION: Urinary incontinence is twice as common in older people with frailty compared to older people without frailty. Screening and the development of interventions for UI and frailty could prove useful for this common comorbidity.

Documento de consenso sobre vejiga hiperactiva en el paciente mayor / Consensus document on overactive bladder in older patients

La vejiga hiperactiva (VH) es una entidad clínica con una elevada prevalencia en la población mayor, generando un gran impacto en la calidad de vida, sobre todo cuando se presenta con incontinencia urinaria de urgencia. Es importante destacar el bajo índice de consulta por esta entidad en la población mayor, influyendo diferentes factores (educacionales, culturales, profesionales), lo cual condiciona un bajo porcentaje de pacientes mayores que reciban un tratamiento adecuado y por el contrario un gran porcentaje de pacientes mayores con deterioro considerable de su calidad de vida. Por ello, las Sociedades científicas y los Grupos de Trabajo proponen en sus documentos y guías clínicas la detección precoz de la VH. Su etiología no está bien aclarada, relacionándose con procesos vasculares cerebrales y otros problemas neurológicos, con alteraciones del músculo detrusor y de los receptores vesicales, y procesos obstructivos e inflamatorios del tracto urinario inferior. El diagnóstico de la VH es clínico, pudiéndose establecer en la gran mayoría de los casos su diagnóstico y orientación etiopatogénica sin la necesidad de utilizar procedimientos diagnósticos complejos. Actualmente existen tratamientos altamente efectivos para la VH, debiendo decidir de forma individualizada el más adecuado para cada paciente mayor, en base a sus características. Las distintas Guías de buena práctica clínica aconsejan un tratamiento escalonado, siendo los antimuscarínicos el tratamiento farmacológico más recomendado. Por todo ello, un grupo de profesionales muy implicados en la práctica asistencial de personas mayores, y representando a 2 Sociedades científicas (Sociedad Española de Geriatría y Gerontología [SEGG] y la Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria [SEMERGEN]), han desarrollado este documento de consenso con el objetivo fundamental de establecer estrategias prácticas y válidas enfocadas a facilitar el manejo de esta entidad clínica en la población mayor y mejorar así su calidad de vida. Las recomendaciones que se presentan en este consenso son el resultado de una amplia revisión y discusión crítica de los artículos, documentos y guías clínicas sobre VH, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional. Se han incluido, cuando ha sido posible, los niveles de evidencia y grados de recomendación (AU)

Overactive nladder (OAB) is a clinical entity with a high prevalence in the population, having a high impact on quality of life, especially when it occurs with urge urinary incontinence. It is very important to highlight the low rate of consultation of this condition by the older population. This appears to depend on several factors (educational, cultural, professional), and thus leads to the low percentage of older patients who receive appropriate treatment and, on the other hand, a large percentage of older patients with a significant deterioration in their quality of life. Therefore, Scientific societies and Working Groups propose the early detection of OAB in their documents and clinical guidelines. Its etiology is not well known, but is influenced by cerebrovascular processes and other neurological problems, abnormalities of the detrusor muscle of bladder receptors, and obstructive and inflammatory processes of the lower urinary tract. Its diagnosis is clinical, and in the great majority of the cases it can be possible to establish its diagnosis and etiopathogenic orientation, without the need for complex diagnostic procedures. Currently, there are effective treatments for OAB, and we should decide the most appropriate for each elderly patient, based on their individual characteristics. Based on the main clinical practice guidelines, a progressive treatment is proposed, with the antimuscarinics being the most recommended drug treatment. Therefore, a group of very involved professionals in clinical practice for the elderly, and representing two scientific Societies (Spanish Society of Geriatrics and Gerontology [SEGG], and the Spanish Society of Primary Care Physicians [SEMERGEN]) developed this consensus document with the main objective of establishing practices and valid strategies, focused to simplify the management of this clinical entity in the elderly population, and especially to improve their quality of life. The recommendations presented in this consensus document are the result of a comprehensive review and critical discussion of articles, documents and clinical guidelines on OAB, both nationally and internationally. Are, where possible, levels of evidence and grades of recommendation are included (AU)

[Consensus document on overactive bladder in older patients]. / Documento de consenso sobre vejiga hiperactiva en el paciente mayor.

Overactive nladder (OAB) is a clinical entity with a high prevalence in the population, having a high impact on quality of life, especially when it occurs with urge urinary incontinence. It is very important to highlight the low rate of consultation of this condition by the older population. This appears to depend on several factors (educational, cultural, professional), and thus leads to the low percentage of older patients who receive appropriate treatment and, on the other hand, a large percentage of older patients with a significant deterioration in their quality of life. Therefore, Scientific societies and Working Groups propose the early detection of OAB in their documents and clinical guidelines. Its etiology is not well known, but is influenced by cerebrovascular processes and other neurological problems, abnormalities of the detrusor muscle of bladder receptors, and obstructive and inflammatory processes of the lower urinary tract. Its diagnosis is clinical, and in the great majority of the cases it can be possible to establish its diagnosis and etiopathogenic orientation, without the need for complex diagnostic procedures. Currently, there are effective treatments for OAB, and we should decide the most appropriate for each elderly patient, based on their individual characteristics. Based on the main clinical practice guidelines, a progressive treatment is proposed, with the antimuscarinics being the most recommended drug treatment. Therefore, a group of very involved professionals in clinical practice for the elderly, and representing two scientific Societies (Spanish Society of Geriatrics and Gerontology [SEGG], and the Spanish Society of Primary Care Physicians [SEMERGEN]) developed this consensus document with the main objective of establishing practices and valid strategies, focused to simplify the management of this clinical entity in the elderly population, and especially to improve their quality of life. The recommendations presented in this consensus document are the result of a comprehensive review and critical discussion of articles, documents and clinical guidelines on OAB, both nationally and internationally. Are, where possible, levels of evidence and grades of recommendation are included.

Plan de estudios universitarios en medicina geriátrica desarrollado utilizando una técnica internacional Delphi modificada / University studies plan in geriatric medicine developed using a modified Delphi technique

Introducción: El aumento en el número de ancianos en estado de fragilidad hace imperioso que todos los facultativos del futuro adquieran suficientes conocimientos del envejecimiento humano y habilidades en el manejo del paciente de edad avanzada y de las enfermedades relacionadas con el envejecimiento. Pocos países ofertan estudios de medicina geriátrica dentro de la formación de pregrado. El objetivo del presente proyecto fue obtener un consenso entre geriatras europeos sobre los requerimientos mínimos que un estudiante de medicina debe dominar al final de su carrera universitaria. Material y métodos: Se utilizó un proceso Delphi modificado. En primer lugar expertos en educación y geriatras propusieron un conjunto de objetivos de aprendizaje basados en una revisión de la bibliografía. En segundo lugar, se realizaron tres rondas Delphi en las que participó un panel de 49 expertos representando a 29 países afiliados a la Unión Europea de Especialistas Médicos, que permitió alcanzar consenso para un plan de estudios definitivo. Resultados: El número de desacuerdos tras las rondas Delphi 1 y 2 fue de 81 y 53, respectivamente. Se logró un acuerdo completo tras la tercera ronda. El plan de estudios definitivo consiste en objetivos detallados agrupados bajo 10 objetivos generales de formación. Conclusiones: Se ha alcanzado un consenso entre geriatras europeos que fija objetivos formativos específicos para los estudiantes de medicina. Serán necesarios grandes esfuerzos para la implantación de estos requisitos dada la variabilidad existente en la calidad de la enseñanza de la geriatría. Este plan de estudios es un primer paso para ayudar a mejorar la enseñanza de geriatría en las facultades de medicina, y servirá también como base para avanzar en la formación en geriatría de posgrado en toda Europa (AU)

Introduction: The increase in the number of frail elderly people has led to the necessity that all doctors of the future acquire sufficient knowledge on human ageing and the skills in the management of the patient of advanced age, as well as the diseases associated with ageing. Few countries offer geriatric medicine within undergraduate training. The purpose of the present project was to obtain a consensus between European geriatricians on the minimum requirements that medical students must achieve at the end of their university degree course. Material and methods: A modified Delphi process was used. Firstly, experts in education and geriatrics proposed a set of learning objectives based on a review of the literature. Three Delphi rounds were then performed, in which a panel of 49 experts representing 29 countries affiliated to the European Union of Medical Specialists took part. This enabled them to reach a consensus on a definitive study plan. Results: The number of disagreements after the Delphi rounds 1 and 2 were 81 and 53, respectively. Full agreement was reached after the third round. The definitive study plan consisted of detailed objectives grouped under 10 general training objectives. Conclusions: A consensus has been reached between European geriatricians that sets specific training objectives for medical students. Great efforts will be required for the introduction of these requirements, given the variability there is in the quality of teaching in geriatrics. This study plan is a first step in helping to improve geriatrics teaching in faculties of medicine, and will also serve as a basis to make advances in the training in post-graduate geriatrics throughout Europe (AU)

[University studies plan in geriatric medicine developed using a modified Delphi technique]. / Plan de estudios universitarios en medicina geriátrica desarrollado utilizando una técnica internacional Delphi modificada.

INTRODUCTION: The increase in the number of frail elderly people has led to the necessity that all doctors of the future acquire sufficient knowledge on human ageing and the skills in the management of the patient of advanced age, as well as the diseases associated with ageing. Few countries offer geriatric medicine within undergraduate training. The purpose of the present project was to obtain a consensus between European geriatricians on the minimum requirements that medical students must achieve at the end of their university degree course. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A modified Delphi process was used. Firstly, experts in education and geriatrics proposed a set of learning objectives based on a review of the literature. Three Delphi rounds were then performed, in which a panel of 49 experts representing 29 countries affiliated to the European Union of Medical Specialists took part. This enabled them to reach a consensus on a definitive study plan. RESULTS: The number of disagreements after the Delphi rounds 1 and 2 were 81 and 53, respectively. Full agreement was reached after the third round. The definitive study plan consisted of detailed objectives grouped under 10 general training objectives. CONCLUSIONS: A consensus has been reached between European geriatricians that sets specific training objectives for medical students. Great efforts will be required for the introduction of these requirements, given the variability there is in the quality of teaching in geriatrics. This study plan is a first step in helping to improve geriatrics teaching in faculties of medicine, and will also serve as a basis to make advances in the training in post-graduate geriatrics throughout Europe.

Vacunación antigripal en personas mayores / Flu vaccination in the elderly

En las personas mayores, la gripe estacional es un importantísimo problema de salud pública por su morbimortalidad y los costes económicos y sociales que conlleva. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir la magnitud y la trascendencia de la gripe estacional en este grupo de población y su prevención mediante la vacunación. Para ello se realiza una exposición actualizada sobre la composición de la vacuna, su pauta y vía de administración, la seguridad vacunal y la evaluación de la inmunogenicidad y efectividad de la vacunación. Entre los diferentes países y organismos oficiales existe variabilidad en las recomendaciones sobre la edad a partir de la cual se debe establecer la vacunación antigripal en las personas mayores. Para mejorar la cobertura vacunal frente a la gripe en España es necesario implantar nuevas estrategias de vacunación antigripal(AU)

Seasonal flu is a very serious public health problem in the elderly due to its morbidity and mortality and financial and social costs arising from this. The aim of this review is to describe the magnitude and importance of seasonal flu in this population group, and its prevention by means of vaccination. For this reason, an updated account of the composition of the vaccine, its dosage and administration route, vaccine safety and the evaluation of the immunogenicity and effectiveness of vaccination. There is variation between different countries and official organisations on the age at which flu vaccination must be established in the elderly. New flu vaccination strategies need to be introduced, to further improve flu vaccination cover in Spain(AU)

[Flu vaccination in the elderly]. / Vacunación antigripal en personas mayores.

Seasonal flu is a very serious public health problem in the elderly due to its morbidity and mortality and financial and social costs arising from this. The aim of this review is to describe the magnitude and importance of seasonal flu in this population group, and its prevention by means of vaccination. For this reason, an updated account of the composition of the vaccine, its dosage and administration route, vaccine safety and the evaluation of the immunogenicity and effectiveness of vaccination. There is variation between different countries and official organisations on the age at which flu vaccination must be established in the elderly. New flu vaccination strategies need to be introduced, to further improve flu vaccination cover in Spain.

[Prevalence and main characteristics of urinary incontinence among institutionalized older people in Madrid (Spain)]. / Prevalencia y principales características de la incontinencia urinaria en la población anciana institucionalizada de Madrid.

INTRODUCTION: Urinary incontinence (UI) has been poorly studied in Spanish nursing homes. The objective is to determine the prevalence and related factors of UI in institutionalized older people in Madrid, Spain. METHODS: A probabilistic sample of 754 subjects 65 years of age and older living in public and private institutions in Madrid was randomly selected through stratified cluster sampling. Residents, caregivers and physicians were interviewed. UI was defined as any leakage in the previous 14 days. We asked about the frequency (occasional, nocturnal, frequent and total), quantity (drops or small quantities, very much), and types (urge, stress, due to cognitive impairment, and due to walking difficulty). To determine the factors associated with UI, we built logistic regression models that adjusted for age, sex, functional dependency (Barthel index) and cognitive status (Pfeiffer's test). RESULTS: The prevalence of UI was 53.6%. Of all residents 35.8% had frequent or total UI. Among those incontinent 60.1% had a very large quantity of urine loss and the most common presentation was mixed (54.1%). The most frequent type in the population was urgent UI (26.8%) followed by UI due to walking difficulty (21.4%). UI was associated (odds ratios [95% CI]) with moderate (3.51 [1.56-7.89]) and severe functional disability (44.71 [10.99-181.94]), faecal incontinence (4.97 [2.04-12.16]), stroke (4.59 [1.06-19.87]), physical restraints (4.03 [1.02-17.87]), and falls (2.10 [1.16-3.81]). The mean (95% CI) number of pads used per person per day was 3.0 (2.4-3.6). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of UI was somewhat higher than that of other comparable populations. Mixed forms, including functional types, were common.

Prevalencia y principales características de la incontinencia urinaria en la población anciana institucionalizada de Madrid / Prevalence and main characteristics of urinary incontinence among institutionalized older people in Madrid (Spain)

Introducción. La prevalencia de la incontinencia urinaria (IU) ha sido poco estudiada en residencias españolas. El objetivo es conocer la prevalencia de IU y factores asociados en ancianos institucionalizados de Madrid. Métodos. Mediante muestreo probabilístico por conglomerados se seleccionó a 754 personas mayores de 65 años que vivían en instituciones para mayores, públicas y privadas de Madrid. Se entrevistó a residentes, cuidadores y médicos. Se definió la IU como la ocurrencia de pérdidas de orina en los últimos 14 días. Se valoró su frecuencia, cantidad y tipo (urgencia, esfuerzo, y funcionales [por deterioro cognitivo y por dificultad para caminar]). Para determinar los factores asociados a la IU, se construyeron modelos de regresión logística ajustados por edad, sexo, dependencia funcional (índice de Barthel) y estado cognitivo (test de Pfeiffer). Resultados. La prevalencia de IU fue del 53,6%. El 35,8% de la población tenía incontinencia frecuente o total. El 60,1% de los incontinentes tenía pérdidas de mucha cantidad. La presentación más frecuente entre los incontinentes fue la mixta (54,1%). El tipo más frecuente en la población fue el de urgencia (26,8%) funcional seguido por dificultad de caminar (21,4%). La IU se asoció (odds ratio [intervalo de confianza del 95%]) con incapacidad funcional moderada (3,51 [1,56-7,89]) y severa (44,71 [10,99-181,94]), incontinencia fecal (4,97 [2,04-12,16]), ictus (4,59 [1,06-19,87]), restricciones físicas (4,03 [1,02-15,87]) y caídas (2,10 [1,16-3,81]). La media de absorbentes por persona-día fue 3,0 (2,4-3,6). Conclusiones. La prevalencia de IU es algo mayor a la encontrada en otras poblaciones comparables. Las formas mixtas, incluidas las funcionales, fueron frecuentes(AU)

Introduction. Urinary incontinence (UI) has been poorly studied in Spanish nursing homes. The objective is to determine the prevalence and related factors of UI in institutionalized older people in Madrid, Spain. Methods. A probabilistic sample of 754 subjects 65 years of age and older living in public and private institutions in Madrid was randomly selected through stratified cluster sampling. Residents, caregivers and physicians were interviewed. UI was defined as any leakage in the previous 14 days. We asked about the frequency (occasional, nocturnal, frequent and total), quantity (drops or small quantities, very much), and types (urge, stress, due to cognitive impairment, and due to walking difficulty). To determine the factors associated with UI, we built logistic regression models that adjusted for age, sex, functional dependency (Barthel index) and cognitive status (Pfeiffer's test). Results. The prevalence of UI was 53.6%. Of all residents 35.8% had frequent or total UI. Among those incontinent 60.1% had a very large quantity of urine loss and the most common presentation was mixed (54.1%). The most frequent type in the population was urgent UI (26.8%) followed by UI due to walking difficulty (21.4%). UI was associated (odds ratios [95% CI]) with moderate (3.51 [1.56-7.89]) and severe functional disability (44.71 [10.99-181.94]), faecal incontinence (4.97 [2.04-12.16]), stroke (4.59 [1.06-19.87]), physical restraints (4.03 [1.02-17.87]), and falls (2.10 [1.16-3.81]). The mean (95% CI) number of pads used per person per day was 3.0 (2.4-3.6). Conclusions. The prevalence of UI was somewhat higher than that of other comparable populations. Mixed forms, including functional types, were common(AU)

Incontinencia urinaria / Urinary incontinence

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Estreñimiento en el anciano: guía de buena práctica clínica

Contiene: Etiología, fisiopatología y mecanismos patogénicos del estreñimiento en los ancianos, valoración clínica y manejo integral del mayor con estreñimiento crónico, tratamiento farmacológico del estreñimiento crónico en los mayores, complicaciones del estreñimiento crónico en los mayores.

Valor pronóstico de la valoración funcional al ingreso en una unidad de corta estancia de Urgencias / Prognostic value of functional assessment at admission in an emergency short-stay unit

IntroducciónDeterminar el valor pronóstico del deterioro funcional sobre el destino final en pacientes ancianos ingresados por patología médica aguda en una unidad de corta estancia (UCE) de Urgencias.Material y métodosEstudio prospectivo de pacientes mayores de 65 años ingresados en la UCE del Hospital Clínico San Carlos de Madrid durante abril de 2008. Se diseñó un protocolo que incluyó variables epidemiológicas (edad y sexo), clínicas (motivo de ingreso, comorbilidad mediante índice de Charlson [ICh]) y valoración funcional (VF) según índices de Barthel (IB) y Lawton (IL) registrando situación funcional basal o previa y pérdida funcional al ingreso ([PF]i=IB e IL previo-ingreso). Se analizó el valor pronóstico de la PFi sobre la decisión de ingreso hospitalario mediante las curvas ROC y se evaluaron los puntos de corte que maximizaban los valores de sensibilidad y especificidad.ResultadosSesenta pacientes incluidos con una edad media de 80,7 años (DE: 8,2), de los cuales el 71,7% eran mujeres. Los motivos de ingreso fueron el 31,7% infección aguda, el 23,3% insuficiencia cardíaca, el 15,0% síncope, el 11,7% obstrucción intestinal, el 10% hemorragia digestiva y el 8,3% arritmias; el ICh medio fue de 2,27 (DE: 1,45). La VF fue IB basal de 79,3 (DE: 25,0), al ingreso de 62,92 (DE: 28,2), con PFi del 20,0% (1,2–38,2%). El IL basal de 4,85 (DE: 2,4), al ingreso de 2,98 (DE: 2,4) con PFi del 37,5% (16,7–70,2%). La PFi fue del 100%. Estancia media de 1,70 (DE: 0,62) días. El destino al alta fue el 46,7% a domicilio y el 53,3% continúa hospitalización. Tras el análisis multivariado según destino final (domicilio vs. hospitalización): PFi-IB ≥16% (OR=7,99; IC 95%: 1,1–60,5; p=0,037), PFi-IL ≥35% (OR=19,6; IC 95%: 0,04–0,52; p <0,0001).ConclusionesLos pacientes con deterioro funcional significativo en Urgencias no deberían ingresar en una UCE de Urgencias, ya que es un factor pronóstico de traslado a planta convencional(AU)

IntroductionTo determine the prognostic value of functional impairment on the final destination of elders admitted for acute medical illness to an emergency short-stay unit (ESSU).Material and methodsWe performed a prospective analysis of patients aged more than 65 years old admitted to the ESSU of Hospital Clínico San Carlos in Madrid in April 2008. A protocol was designed that included epidemiologic variables (age and gender), clinical variables (reason for admission, comorbidity measured by the Charlson Index [CI]) and functional variables (previous, admission and functional decline [FD] measured with the Barthel [BI] and Lawton Indexes [LI]). The prognostic value of FD on the decision to admit patients was analyzed through ROC curves and the cut points that maximized sensitivity and specificity were determined.ResultsSixty patients were included with a mean age of 80.7 (SD 8.2) years and 71.7% were women. The reasons for admission were acute infections in 31.7%, heart failure in 23.3%, syncope in 15.0%, intestinal obstruction in 11.7%, gastrointestinal bleeding in 10.0%, and arrhythmias in 8.3%. The mean CI was 2.27 (1.45). Functional assessment was as follows: mean previous BI score: 79.25 (SD 25) and at admission: 62.92 (SD 28.19). Mean previous LI score: 4.85 (SD 2.45) and at admission: 2.98 (SD 2.42).): BI-FD: 20% (1.25–38.23), LI-FD 37.5% (16.7–70.2%). FD was found in 100% of the patients. The mean length of stay was 1.70 (SD 0.62) days. Discharge destination was home discharge in 46.7% and hospitalization unit in 53.3%. Multivariate analysis according to discharge destination (home vs hospitalization) provided the following results : BI-FI ≥16% (OR=7.99 [1.1–60.5], p=0.037), LI-FI ≥35% (OR=19.6 [0.04–0.52], p <0.0001).ConclusionsPatients with significant FD in the emergency room should not be admitted to an ESSU since significant FD is a prognostic factor for transfer to a conventional ward(AU)

[Prognostic value of functional assessment at admission in an emergency short-stay unit]. / Valor pronóstico de la valoración funcional al ingreso en una unidad de corta estancia de Urgencias.

INTRODUCTION: To determine the prognostic value of functional impairment on the final destination of elders admitted for acute medical illness to an emergency short-stay unit (ESSU). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a prospective analysis of patients aged more than 65 years old admitted to the ESSU of Hospital Clínico San Carlos in Madrid in April 2008. A protocol was designed that included epidemiologic variables (age and gender), clinical variables (reason for admission, comorbidity measured by the Charlson Index [CI]) and functional variables (previous, admission and functional decline [FD] measured with the Barthel [BI] and Lawton Indexes [LI]). The prognostic value of FD on the decision to admit patients was analyzed through ROC curves and the cut points that maximized sensitivity and specificity were determined. RESULTS: Sixty patients were included with a mean age of 80.7 (SD 8.2) years and 71.7% were women. The reasons for admission were acute infections in 31.7%, heart failure in 23.3%, syncope in 15.0%, intestinal obstruction in 11.7%, gastrointestinal bleeding in 10.0%, and arrhythmias in 8.3%. The mean CI was 2.27 (1.45). Functional assessment was as follows: mean previous BI score: 79.25 (SD 25) and at admission: 62.92 (SD 28.19). Mean previous LI score: 4.85 (SD 2.45) and at admission: 2.98 (SD 2.42).): BI-FD: 20% (1.25-38.23), LI-FD 37.5% (16.7-70.2%). FD was found in 100% of the patients. The mean length of stay was 1.70 (SD 0.62) days. Discharge destination was home discharge in 46.7% and hospitalization unit in 53.3%. Multivariate analysis according to discharge destination (home vs hospitalization) provided the following results : BI-FI > or = 16% (OR=7.99 [1.1-60.5], p=0.037), LI-FI > or =35% (OR=19.6 [0.04-0.52], p <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with significant FD in the emergency room should not be admitted to an ESSU since significant FD is a prognostic factor for transfer to a conventional ward.

Los trastornos de la alimentación y nutrición. Un tema muy nuestro, aunque escasamente diagnosticado y abordado / Eating and nutrition disorders: highly frequent in our field, yet ravely diagnosed and dealt with

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